Abstract
Ongoing research and development efforts enable future capabilities to better counter threats posed by weapons of mass destruction. Cooperative research with global partners improves international collaboration to detect and characterize weapons of mass destruction, and enhances a host nations sustainment of scientific programs. Recent topics that are relevant to the CTBTO identify science focus areas to address challenges of an on-site inspection. Recent topics have included research for a number of basic science areas. For example radiation sensitive materials that change their optical properties and novel sensing materials used as indicators of container or seal integrity between inspections will be explored. These novel sensing materials can help provide unique assurance against tampering to assist verification. In addition integration of multiple sensor technologies and techniques using advanced mathematical methods to improve seismic location algorithms and modeling of explosions. More general topics that are planned for the future and that are relevant to the International Monitoring System and International Data Center include: alternative remote sensing materials and methods; new methods and modeling for radiochemical analysis, sample collection, concentration and selectivity; and novel long-range methods for example environmental changes.

Abstract
A tiltmeter has been developed at the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences as the regular equipment for geophysical observatories and other observation posts. The tiltmeter is intended for relative measurement of tilts of a terrestrial surface in two mutually perpendicular directions for the purpose of studying tidal deformations, research of modern earth movements, research of harbingers of earthquakes in the form of abnormal inclinations, and also deformations of the bases and parts of large engineering constructions. The tiltmeter which has been developed possesses record-breaking high precision 0.0001 arc sec. in a range of measurement +/-2 arc sec.; thus it has extremely high long-term tool stability (tool drift of "zero" no more +/-1 arc sec. per year). The combination of these major technical characteristics makes this tiltmeter an outstanding achievement in the field of geophysical instrument making. Sensor action is based on the principle of a vertical pendulum. In the sensor design a metal pendulum (length about 100 mm) is suspended on an elastic suspension over the ceramic part fixed on the case. The pendulum has a natural period of 0.6 seconds and air damping. It is isolated from the case and together with a ceramic part forms the differential two coordinate measuring condenser. On a ceramic casing four metal plates serving as facings of the measuring condenser are fixed. At an inclination of the sensor case the pendulum moves with respect to the condenser facings proportionally, making an inclination from these axes. As a result the measuring condenser records signals proportional to the angle of slope of the sensor on its sensitivity axes ?N-S? and ?E-W?.

Abstract
To improve the calculation accuracy of PSD of track irregularities, an elimination method of outliers and a zero mean normalization method of track irregularities are given and used in the data preprocessing of track irregularities on the existing railway lines. The elimination method of outliers is based on the change rate of track irregularities and the method of linear interpolation, and the method of wavelet analysis is used for the zero mean normalization method of track irregularities. After the preprocessing of track irregularities, the PSD of track irregularities of the existing railway lines is calculated by using the FFT method. The statistic and analysis result indicates that the PSD of track irregularities of the existing railway lines obeys a chi-square contribution with 2 degrees of freedom and can be described by using the median of PSD. The PSD of track irregularities of three different speed classes of the existing railway lines is calculated and compared. The PSD of track irregularities can characterize the track status, The PSD of track irregularities of the 2 50km/h speed lines is lower than The PSD of track irregularities of the 2 00km/h and 1 60km/h speed lines.

Abstract
Track geometry standards have been enforced for more than ten years in the French Railway Network. Limit values were derived from experience, and up to now they remain a good guarantee of train running safety. The very high speed intensive commercial circulation (V > 300kph) on long distance on high-speed lines as well as the advent of new types of vehicle could require determining limit values adapted to these new conditions. The study consists of using vehicle simulation software for evaluating the consistency between the current track geometry standards and the safety criteria for vehicle acceptance. The possibility of using such software for determining track geometry standards has also been investigated. The influence of track defects on the behaviour of a TGV, running at different speeds and in various conditions, has been analysed for different criteria of defects such as amplitude, wavelength and shape. The study shows that current track geometry standards appropriately cover the studied cases in spite of results close to the limit for very-short-length defects. Moreover, defect wavelength and shape both seem to be important factors in vehicle dynamics. This study has also helped to define a new method to update track geometry standards (V > 22 0kph) and to explore needs for a new very high-speed standard (V > 300kph).