Abstract
A structural appraisal of Jordangate MSCP in Macclesfield, built in the 1 980s, identified chloride penetration within the concrete and recommended treatment using cathodic protection to control the corrosion of the structural steel, together with concrete repairs and waterproofing of the car decks and other associated works. The original worst-case scenario estimates were put forward for budgetary purposes, with more accurate costs dependant on the outcome of further testing and appraisals. Following budget approval, a review of the original structural appraisal report advised that as the effects of chloride penetration had not yet materialized, the use of cathodic protection was not considered to be essential at this stage. The recommendation was that concrete repairs be undertaken and waterproofing be applied to the concrete decks to eliminate water penetration, thereby reducing the risk of chloride attack, followed up by a regular monitoring regime to ensure that conditions had not deteriorated. A number of products from BASF Construction Chemicals were used by Concrete Repairs Limited in carrying out the refurbishment. Numerous deck repairs were needed prior to deck covering and a special CONIDECK? deck membrane strip system tackled the cracking along the joints of the block and beam construction.

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the continuation of the research on how to apply a tamping machine in the CWR (Continues Welded Rail) track diagnostic system. The aim of this study is to determine the lateral resistance in the track structure. Lateral resistance exemplifies a fundamental parameter related to the safety issues in railway transport. The danger results from a possibility of loosing stability of the CWR structure, which could be caused by axial (thermal) forces in rails. What is more, the level of lateral resistance has a significant influence on the development of geometrical imperfections process in the track structure. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop effective diagnostic methods that could determine the lateral resistance in exploited railroads. This paper presents the concept of conducting this kind of research during geometrical regulation process in the track structure using a tamping machine. The discussed method aims at recording continuously the track dislocation value as well as the external force which the tamping machine tends to dislocate the structure with. Acquired time-signals enable the estimation of phenomenon based on the lateral resistance distribution in the length of studied routes. The results of conducted experiments have confirmed the thesis about the possibility to use a tamping machine in order to diagnose the lateral resistance in the track structure. Further directions of the research have been formulated in that field around specifying a required set of measurement equipment, along with a method to archive and interpret measured time signals.

Abstract
For nearly the past 2 decades, regional shear wave coda has been shown to provide the most stable estimates of the explosion and earthquake source, making its use ideal when station coverage is sparse. As a result, momentmagnitude is determined with unprecedented stability from as few as one station and is being used in a number of explosion monitoring applications. In spite of its success, a significant magnitude bias exists for S-based regional magnitudes such as mb(Lg) and mb (Lg-coda) between explosions and earthquakes when compared to their teleseismic mb(P) counterpart. In this study, we first show preliminary results for regional and nearteleseismc P-coda for both earthquakes and explosions to see if a bias still exists with the teleseismic mb. In addition, there is a point of debate on whether the regional P-coda calibration will remove the effects of the path and upper mantle effects which bias teleseismic mb(P) estimates for some test sites. We find that the P-coda does not exhibit a magnitude bias between earthquakes and explosions, in sharp contrast to S-based magnitudes such as mb(Lg) when compared to the teleseismic mb(P). We plan to give a summary of regional coda research and specifically address our recent P-coda findings.

Abstract
This paper highlights the importance of the model of the deterioration process of the concrete bridges and its significance in the bridge management and the development of the factor method. The most common types of damages caused by the deterioration included minor cracking, major cracking, spalling and service failure and the cost ranged from millions to billions. The rate of deterioration of Foot Bridge and over bridge and their members were examined. The rate was higher in Footbridge as compared to overbridges. The main reasons were use of the structure, construction type and exposure conditions. Various types of predictive models mainly deterministic and probabilistic approach were reviewed which includes Markov chain model, regression model & Factor method. The analysis suggested the factor method was most comprehensive among others. The factors considered in modelling were of two approaches: deterministic and probabilistic.

Abstract
The IMS infrastructure can be used effectively in civil applications, for instance to augment the capacity of organizations charged with warning the authorities about dangerous natural events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Relevant IMS data is already forwarded to regional tsunami centres under agreement with CTBTO. This includes seismic IMS stations for accelerated tsunamigenic event detection and hydroacoustic stations for the recording of the passage of the tsunami. In this work, we suggest that data from coastal and island T-stations is also useful for direct detection of the passage of the tsunami. The possibility of observing the passage of tsunamis on these coastal seismic stations was confirmed in the Pacific Ocean for the tsunamigenic Maule, Chile earthquake of 27 February 2010 on the horizontal components of two broad-band seismometers used as hydroacoustic T-station located on Socorro Island, Mexico. Similar observations of long period effects of the passage of tsunami on the horizontal components of near-shore seismometers had been made previously and tentatively explained as long-period components of the propagation modes of gravity waves, where the presence of the island is ignored. Polarization and amplitude analysis of the longperiod arrivals observed at Socorro allows an alternate physical explanation and our preferred explanation is that the islands strain field is responding elastically to the load of the very long wavelength tsunami on the walls of the island. This hypothesis is confirmed by analysis of the passage at Socorro of another tsunami from the September 29th, 2009, Samoa earthquake.