Abstract
The implantation of a biomaterial into the human body is influenced by susceptibility of a infection. Bacteria or yeast can be also bound on the proteins adsorbed on the metal surface. Microbial colonization and biofilm formation on any substratum proceeds by a series of complex physical and biological processes. We have studied the processes of adsorption of microorganisms on metal surface. We used bacteria (Escherichia coli) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell cultures to find the mechanisms of microorganism binding to surface. The electrochemistry was used for estimation of the degree of adsorptiom. We performed capacitance, voltametric and impedance measurements. We measured dependence of electrochemical quantities on concentration of microorganism, on the time of adsorption, on different initial potential, on frequency etc. We observed different values of physical quantities for different microorganisms. We were able to found difference between adsorption of bacteria and yeast. We also were able to observe the forming of biofilm on electrodes. The rate of forming of biofilm depends on initial concentration of cells in medium. The dependence is linear in smaller initial concentration of yeasts and it is saturated for higher initial concentrations. Electrochemical methods for assessment of cell concentration seem good tool for practice. Differences of capacitance in yeast cultures with different cell concentration provide us possibility to estimate yeast concentration without special pretreatment of sample in the culture medium. The method can be interesting also for medicine application, it is possible to estimated the biofilm formation for different metal materials used for implantology. It can help to understand the biofilm formation. The work was supported by the Grant Agency of Czech Republic (310/07/P480) and by the Project of Ministry of Education of Czech Republic - Stomatology Research Centre No 1M0528.

Abstract
BOStrab is the German Act on Building and Operating Light Rail Systems. Its first version was set up in 1 937. Since then, BOStrab was rewritten several times and by now has matured to a thoroughly consistent and comprehensive set of regulations, comprising legal settings, technical rules, and operational recommendations alike. BOStrab focuses on the function of a system rather than on a particular design. Thus, it provides an utmost of flexibility without being lax. The current version of BOStrab (originating from 1 987) has been applied in several European Light Rail projects as the set of regulating rules, thus making knowledge in the BOStrab way of thinking helpful for international planners and contractors alike. This lecture will give a brief outline of BOStrab as a set of rules. It will delineate its functioning and its prerequisites, both in administrative and operational terms. Key terms and requirements will be explained. Special attention will be given to the demands on infrastructure, particularly to ? permanent way planning with respect to interdependencies, that is considering ? mutual influences between vehicle and permanent way, especially ? rail-wheel interaction (gauging), ? standards of maintenance, ? organisational requirements for planning, building, and operating LRT infrastructure to BOStrab standards.

Abstract
The article deals with modernization of adopting education in Russia in the 21st century connected with the challenge of Russia two-level European education system interpreted in terms of the Bologna Process and the Bologna Declaration. The integration into the European system of education is inevitably connected with many difficulties and problems. Firstly it is the lack of correspondence of Russian and European educational programs, and the complexity of translating them into the units of a European dimension. Secondly, entrants - future students and their parents are usually focused on getting traditional 5-year higher education. The employment of young people is connected with certain difficulties. Managers in Russian companies and heads of personal departments at enterprises have to understand the fact that a bachelor is a professional with a complete higher education. The forth problem is low motivation of university staff, as all changes of this kind are associated primarily with the understanding of the fact that the transition to new standards will be followed by institutional restructuring, and, hence, staff changes. Other reasons for negative perception of innovations are: the lack of orientation of the education needs at the labor market, low prestige of the engineering job, low rates of employment of graduates in the specialty, low level of foreign language competences of students that make them not competitive at the international labour market. The author gives the analysis of federal educational standards based on traditional educational paradigm concerning language teaching and learning in comparison with competence-oriented third-generation educational standards.

Abstract
Japans defeat in World War II not only liberated women from comfort stations and soldiers from the battlefronts, but also returned the suppressed sounds to the people. The postwar effort to recover sounds took on a variety of channels in the popular media such as songs, oral narration of folktales and poetry-reading, and Japan ushered in a Renaissance of sounds that cannot be thoroughly captured by textual analysis alone. This sudden outburst of sounds generated an environment that permitted increasing contacts among different sounds belonging to different groups that were previously not audible. My paper examines how sounds emerged as a contentious site for two groups, the Japanese Communists and the Resident Koreans. The zainichi "marriage of convenience" did not last long, as their agendas and priorities diverged more than they had anticipated, and their political alliance proved futile in the end. Bitterness and betrayal were all that lingered in the leftists attempt to build a united front to topple the American occupation forces. I argue how this era of political turmoil, though brief, opened up viable political options exemplified in the resurfacing of concrete sounds, which met the detrimental fate of reorganization and receded into abstraction on the political stage once and for all.

Abstract
In this research, we examined the effect of the country of origin of an ingredient brand on consumers evaluation of a host brand. Using airlines as host products and aircrafts as ingredients, two experiments were conducted in Brazil and Canada respectively, to assess the effect of the country of origin of an ingredient brand on the host brand. Results show that a host brand from the home country with a favorable image (Canada) is unaffected by an ingredient brand from a country with an unfavorable image (Brazil), whereas a host brand from the home country with an unfavorable image is benefited by an ingredient brand from a country with a favorable image. This effect is moderated by the ethnocentric bias of consumers. Evaluation of the local brand was unaffected by the country of origin of the ingredient brand among those with a high ethnocentric bias toward local brands.

Abstract
The research examines the form and degree of which globalisation and regionalisation have affected trade operation of informal, cross-border traders especially by creating change in border and cross-border trade governance scheme. Through ethnographic fieldwork, it investigates trade and social networks as strategies that local people use to overcome difficulties and benefit from opportunities that created by these processes. Increased regional economic integration in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS)?reinforced by ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)?has created several changes in cross-border trading activities. Firstly, governments have promoted trade liberalisation through initiatives aimed at facilitating and streamlining cross-border trade. Improvements in transport infrastructure and the removal of trade barriers, for example, have contributed to significant increases in cross-border trade in the GMS. At the same time, however, governments have attempted to regularise and channel flows of trade. This blend of trade liberalisation on the one hand, and increased regulation and formalisation of trade on the other, characterises a new phase of border governance in the GMS. At first sight, it appears that male-dominated, large-scale, cross-border traders who use formal trade channels are the winners in this new trade landscape, while female-dominated, informal cross-border traders who usually conduct trade in smaller scale are the losers. However, there is evidence that a significant number of informal cross-border traders survive and are doing well. Furthermore, there has been a continuous inflow of newcomers into the market. Various authors highlight that networks between cross-border traders and kin and non-kin actors are essential to their survival. However, most of these studies do not provide a complete picture of these trade networks and relationships. Gender relations within networks are rarely given attention, and most studies do not place informal cross-border trading within the context of globalisation and regionalisation. The research use Thai-Lao border at Mukdahan and Savannakhet Provinces of Thailand and Lao PDR as a case study. This area has been selected as it has been one of the main border crossings between Thailand and Laos since many decades. Since 1998, the area has regained importance as an important node in the so-called 'East-West corridor' in the GMS, promoted by the Asian Development Bank and other regional players. As a result, trade and social relations have been changing rapidly in the area. In-depth ethnographic fieldwork gives insight into the strategies used by old and new actors in the area to adapt to these changes.

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of positive interaction for classmates on depression and anxiety from Japanese middle school students. Methods. There were 713 7th-grades students in the first survey (Time 1; April), 312 in the second survey (Time 2; May) and 162 in the third survey (Time 3; July). Students completed questionnaires that asked about the positive interaction scale for classmates, Japanese version of Depression Self Rating Scale (Birleson, 1981) and Japanese version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (Spielberger et al., 1983). Results. The results showed that having positive interaction between classmates predicted students future depression and anxiety level. The subscales of "friends existence", "comfortable class" and "kindness to others" at Time 1 and Time 2 had significant negative effect on depression and anxiety level at Time 3. Conclusions. It was suggested that positive interaction for classmates is important for students to protective factor of depression and anxiety.

Abstract
In the bio-pharmaceutical industry the phenomenum of strategic collaborations - that is gaining increasing momentum in recent years - and the concentration of actors in narrow geographical areas (clusters) - that have characterised the industry since its origin in the mid 80s - have been widely analysed. However, the focus of the large majority of research on geographical clusters, even if considering strategic collaborations as a key issue, limits the attention to the sets of nearby companies and organisations and does not take into account collaborations with companies and organisations located elsewhere (i.e. it considers the geographical boundaries of biotech clusters also as boundaries for the analysis of collaborations). At the same time, contributions belonging to the stream of literature regarding strategic collaborations look at the entire picture of a companys collaborations, but miss the key detail whether the collaborations are within or outside the geographical cluster the company belongs to. The objective of the paper, based on the empirical analysis of 1,300 collaborations from companies belonging to 57 biotech clusters at worldwide level, is to show that an integrated approach to analyse these phenomena should be developed in order to better grasp the future development of the industry. The paper discusses the potential advantages of this approach and the challenges it poses for researchers in the field.

Abstract
Precise determination of object corners in an image is very important in applications of robotics and computer vision, such as pattern recognition and 3-D reconstruction. The corners of a polygonal object plane, e.g. roof, wall, etc. in an image, can be determined by detecting image corners bounding the plane edges. An automatic system for locating image corners is likely to produce many corners do not represent corners of a polygonal object, and so despite many studies in the field of boundary recognition, the question of whether the detected corner in the image of a 3-D scene corresponds to an object point still merits further investigation. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to propose an image system capable of detecting image corners and then show the ones that correspond to polygonal object planes for a variety of types of subject. A review of the existing literature suggested that a two-camera approach based on uncalibrated images would offer the most flexible potential solution. The method is based on rectified images obtained from a pair of uncalibrated images utilizing the epipolar constraint, and is illustrated with images of several scenes captured using a digital camera.

Abstract
Brascamp and colleagues (PlosONE, 3, e1497) have shown how fluctuations in the perception of ambiguous stimuli reflect memory traces operating at multiple different timescales. The percept at any given moment is affected by perception during a very long period, as well as influences from the immediately preceding percepts. Here we investigate whether similar multiplicity in timescales is seen for priming effects in pop-out visual search tasks. We contrasted long-term trial-by-trial build up of priming of pop-out of a particular color against shorter term build-up for a different color. We found that the priming effects from the two colors do indeed reflect memory traces at different timescales, and that the priming decay function for the long term priming is well described with a long time constant while the short-term time priming decay reflects memory traces with a shorter time constant. The results suggest that priming effects in visual search reflect neural modulations from repeated presentation of a feature value which operate at multiple different time scales. These similarities between attentional priming and perception of ambiguous stimuli are striking and suggest compelling avenues of further research into the relation between the two effects

Abstract
In this presentation we consider the nonparametric EM algorithm, the EM algorithm based on empirical likelihood rather than the parametric likelihood. We develop the theoretical underpinnings and assess the convergence rates of the nonparametric EM algorithm. We provide a comparison of the conver- gence rates with that of the parametric EM algorithm. We also explore the effect of initial estimates on the convergence and explore if the geometric progression provides robust starting values. Examples will be given.