Abstract
Perceptual separation of chromatic aspects of colour (hue and chroma) from achromatic ones (lightness) is a fundamental property of human colour vision. The separation of chromatic from achromatic aspects of colour can be a consequence of constraints imposed by neural wiring in retina of primates. Alternatively, this separation might be generally useful for detection and identification of objects in conditions of patchy illumination. In humans, stimuli subtending large visual angles are discriminated on the basis of their chromatic properties - large variations in the intensity of light stimuli are ignored. In contrast, high spatial resolution vision is mediated by a luminance channel that is sensitive to changes in stimulus intensity, but is not sensitive to variation in the chromatic aspects of colour. Here I show that bees and birds also have chromatic and luminance mechanisms that are functionally similar to ours. Because colour vision in primates, birds and bees evolved independently, I conclude that chromatic vision probably evolved independently in different animals to achieve colour constancy in conditions of patchy illumination.

Abstract
There are plenty of atoms in Nepal for the study of particle physics, plenty of materials for the study of material science, lives for life sciences, diseases for health and medicine, and problems for espousing critical thinking and innovation. Yet the contemporary education system and educators have been confined to an effortful absorption and memorization of events, facts, procedures, and theories while contemplation and critical thinking remain merely as some important terms whose definitions are worth memorizing. That the economy of the entire world is inching to commoditize the knowledge to buy and sell in the open market, thereby giving rise to a knowledge economy, Nepal cannot afford to forever remain in the absorptive state when it comes to the affairs of knowledge. Thus the question remains, when and how can it be consolidating, creating, and emanating knowledge? This article concentrates on the areas of sciences where Nepal can develop a competitive edge in the era of knowledge economy and sustainable development.

Abstract
In recent years the integration of external networks, into innovation processes is becoming an increasingly discussed topic. As proposed by Ghoshal and Bartlett (1990), multinational companies are viewed as inter-organisational networks that are embedded in a web of external networks consisting of other organizations such as customers, suppliers and regulators, within which there is interaction between the different units of the multinational company. The external networks should support the internal ones (Dunning 2002). Furthermore, through partnering companies are able to access resources and capabilities that are difficult to develop internally. In addition, emerging markets are becoming more and more important in innovative activities. For example, more than 100 R&D centers of multinational companies exist already in India, of which 70 have been set up in the past five years (Frost and Sullivan 2004). The volatility and the lack of experiences in R&D activities create a different innovative environment in emerging markets compared to industrialized countries. In academic literature it is insufficient investigated, if the different initial positions of emerging markets have an impact on the ways of managing those external networks. This paper, therefore, explores, if the integration of external partners have to differ in emerging markets compared to traditional regions. The topic is investigated based on the R&D activities of multinational pharmaceutical companies in India. The special situation of Indias pharmaceutical industry makes the country to a particular interesting show case. The lacks in intellectual property protection and the low margins induced the relatively low significance of MNCs in India. The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies in India control 70% of the market, whereby the market leader holding only 7% of the market share (Pharmaceutical and Drug Manufactures 2004). Eight of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in the Indian market are Indian manufactures (KPMG 2003). The results of this study suggest that the need for different management approaches exist. This need can be let back to the different initial situation in the external environment as well as the differences in the availability of resources. Collaboration with partners, in innovative activities, seems to have become very important in peripheral regions. Propositions for approaches to manage the initial situation are derived. Therefore, this paper intends to contribute new findings in the area of international R&D management in view of the growing significance of emerging markets and developing countries.

Abstract
The present paper analyzes the implication of the financial crisis on the education of Brazilian children in Japan. The focus of research on the education of Brazilian children conducted before the financial crisis was on the childrens adaptation to school and their academic achievements. According to these studies, the frequency of moving common in the Brazilian community has a negative effect on their childrens school performance. These studies also show that adapting to a new environment is not easy for those children. Besides the hard process of adjusting to Japanese society, when the children go back home, they have difficulty in re-adapting to Brazilian society, particularly to the school environment. As the economic situation gets worse, some families remaining in Japan have withdrawn their children from school, especially in cases where the children attended private schools. Besides, economic difficulties for any one of the members of the family leads to a family crisis. In these contexts, my focus is on the Brazilian families in Shizuoka Prefecture with one parent not employed. The following issues have been addressed. Firstly, what kind of measures have the local and Brazilian communities taken for the purpose of re-integrating the children into schools? Secondly, are the children Brazilian families with only one working parent more vulnerable to stress than children of families with a stable economic situation? Thirdly, what educational measures have both the public and private school systems taken to integrate Brazilian children to their schools?

Abstract
Introduction: Neurological damage may cause the interpretation of facial expression to breakdown at various stages of processing. Visual scanning of emotional facial expressions has been examined extensively in some patient groups (e.g., schizophrenia), though this is not the case in those individuals with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). We present an interesting case report which demonstrates how the visual scan path in TBI can deviate from neurologically normal controls. Method: Participants were one adult male (LY) with impaired ability to interpret facial expression as a result of severe TBI and 3 neurologically normal male controls. Stimuli were 18 static pictures of facial expressions depicting the six basic universal emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust). Eye movements were recorded using a binocular infrared eye tracker. Results: LYs pattern of scanning differed significantly from that of the neurologically normal controls. For the controls, the majority of fixations were within the internal facial region (that area including the eyes, nose and mouth). In contrast, LYs scanning was more dispersed (i.e., hyperscanning), with frequent foveal fixations to external peripheral regions (hair, ears, forehead, stimulus background). Discussion: Impaired visual scanning can contribute to impaired interpretation of facial expression after a TBI.

Abstract
The corpse is the favoured sign of death. More precisely, the relationship between the human as a sliding signifier, subject to degradation, on the one hand, and the non-human as a signified problematized by the urgency of imparting meaning to death, from where it has just left, on the other hand. This loss, both semantic and ontological, has been made up for through culture. The present paper aims at analysing, socially and culturally, the ways in which, by favouring and creating certain representations of the corpse, contemporary mass-media contribute to the emergence of a paradigm of the non-human. Moreover, the paper investigates the functioning of this paradigm within the larger framework of post-modern attitudes toward death, and its implications on the anthropological construction of the Other. Thus, it outlines the continuities and discontinuities between traditional and contemporary representations of the corpse, while assessing the impact of a series of specific post-modern elements on the social and cultural status of the corpse, critically re-examining the concept of death denial. Some mediatic representations of the corpse benefit the cultural reintegration of death, what Death Studies refer to as ?the return of Death? (the specular catharsis, the recovery of mourning). These benefits are however limited (death in the third person, the prevailing kitsch). In contrast with culture, that has been dealing for centuries with the reality of the corpse by its own means (rites, beliefs, sublimations), mass-media take a different approach to that same reality, constructing not an ontology, but a self-referential phenomenology. The removal of the signified from the death sign represented by the corpse - the reduction of the dead to the corpse - elicits a reconsideration of relationships such as human - non-human, self - other, image - reality.

Abstract
Extending previous studies, our research focuses not only on the relation between knowledge flow and social network but also on further specific patent citation variables and the social network centrality measurement. Overall, our findings might have some implications for both MNE and academic research, as documented below. First, based on the empirical results, MNE might realize which kind of patent citation patterns have influence on its position of centrality. Second, in our study, patent citation is not only an index for constructing a knowledge flow network; it also helps MNE?s performance in different ways. Third, the corresponding effects of patent citation and centrality measurement both have a positive influence on MNE?s performance. This paper?s findings, as they clearly describe the shape of a knowledge flow network in the semiconductor industry, will help MNE build up a competitive advantage.

Abstract
Vocabulary knowledge is in focus of German for Specific Purposes at non-philological faculties in Croatia. Without knowing the basic concepts in a domain, one cannot ascribe them their correct names. The aim of the analysis was to analyse the knowledge of technical vocabulary in German with regard to gender and sport preference. The sample was comprised of 16 subjects - 9 men and 7 women, third-year students with the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb. To realize the aim of the research, an assessment tool was used that contained 27 terms - 12 from the field of general kinesiology and 15 from the field of sport. The subjects were asked to translate 27 German terms into Croatian. To determine any possible differences between the categories in both independent variables - gender and sport preference - Mann-Whitney U-test was used. Gender did not show to be a discriminating factor between two independent categories in each independent variable. Sport preference discriminated between individual and team sports participants only in one variable - Offensiv-Rebound. The traditional differences between men and women decrease continuously. The reasons for the decrease of gender-related differences in verbal skills between male and female kinesiology students are not completely clear and need to be investigated further, i.e. more factors should be taken into account, e.g. intelligence, social background, education, personal traits, etc. The analysis in this paper will suffice only to indicate the possible directions of future research. However, if these results be considered together with the results of analyses of English vocabulary knowledge, then a basis could be created which would serve as the starting point for investigations of foreign language technical vocabulary knowledge in general.