Abstract
The Kaoping River (KPR) is a small mountainous river with a length around 170 km, the area of 3250 km2 and a very high sediment yield (11,000 t km-1 yr-1). Its main trunk and major tributaries are characterized by braided channel pattern wherever the valley is wider. As many river valley around the world, its floodplains have experienced significant human modification over the 20th century. In 2009, Typhoon Morakot, with extremely intensive rainfall (> 150-year return period), caused severe flood hazards and has aroused great concern of the floodplain management especially when it is suspect that the frequency of extreme weather events is rising in Taiwna. This study aims to investigate the landcover change of the valley floodplains of KPRs two major tributaries, the Nantszhsien Stream and the Laonon Stream, over a century and its implication on the flood hazard. Landcover and geomorphic interpretation are completed by using historical maps, aerial photographs and orthomaps from early 20th to 2009 (after the typhoon) on a GIS platform. It is found that along with the process of channelization, the former floodplain has been reclaimed, mainly for agricultural purpose. The flooded area induced by Typhoon Morakot was within the former active-channels zone identified from 1948 aerial photos and historical maps published in 1920s for the study area. These pictorial materials together provide a good baseline for delineating the so-called fluvial territory that is wide and continuous enough to guarantee the floodable areas to minimize the risk to the inhabitants. It also contrasts the space of the river reservation zone, in which the development is prohibited by law

Abstract
This lecture presents the fundamentals and some interesting applications of the solar photoelectro-Fenton (SPEF) method for the destruction of organics in wastewaters. This electrochemical advanced oxidation method is an environmentally friendly technique where hydrogen peroxide is continuously supplied to an acidic contaminated solution from the two-electron reduction of oxygen injected to a gas-diffusion cathode: O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ?? H2O2 (1) The oxidizing power of electrogenerated H2O2 is then strongly enhanced by adding a small quantity of Fe2+ catalyst to the solution to give Fe3+ and hydroxyl radical (OH) by the well-known Fentons reaction: Fe2+ + H2O2 ? Fe3+ + OH + OH- (2) . An undivided cell is used to oxidize the pollutants by both, OH formed from reaction (2) and M(OH) produced from water oxidation at a high O2-overvoltage anode by reaction (3): M(H2O) ? M(OH) + H+ + e- (3) The SPEF process also involves the additional irradiation of the treated solution with sunlight to favor: (i) the photoreduction of Fe(OH)2+, which is the predominant Fe3+ species in acid medium, to Fe2+ and more OH by photo-Fenton reaction (4), and (ii) the photolysis of complexes formed between Fe(III) and final carboxylic acids such as shown for oxalic acid via reaction (5): Fe(OH)2+ + hv ? Fe2+ + OH (4) Fe(C2O4)n(3-2n) + hv ? 2 Fe2+ + (2n-1) C2O42- + 2 CO2 (5) Oxalic acid is formed during the oxidation of most aromatics and the fast photodecarboxylation of Fe(III)-oxalate complexes (Fe(C2O4)+, Fe(C2O4)2- and Fe(C2O4)33-) favors their decontamination. Exemples on the good oxidation ability of SPEF are presented for solutions of: (i) salicylic acid and the aminoacid a-methylphenylglycine using small electrolytic cells with a Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and and O2-diffusion cathode, all them of 3 cm2 area, and (ii) the herbicide mecoprop and o-, m- and p- cresols using a flow plant of 2.5 l with a filter-press cell containing BDD and O2-diffusion electrodes of 20 cm2 area, coupled to a solar photoreactor with 600 ml of irradiation volume. Treated solutions were prepared with 0.05 M Na2SO4 and 0.25-1.0 mM Fe2+ at pH 3.0 and electrolyses were carried out by applying a constant current density between 25 and 150 mA cm-2. Comparative trials with electro-Fenton (EF) in the dark were also made to confirm the synergistic effect of sunlight during the SPEF process. While in the EF method a slow, but complete mineralization of all contaminants is found using a BDD anode due to the efficient oxidizing action of homogeneous OH and BDD(OH), the SPEF treatment yields a much faster decontamination with a Pt or BDD anode because of the efficient photodecomposition of Fe(III) complexes with UVA irradiation supplied by solar light. The efficiency of all degradation processes increases strongly with rising pollutant concentration and decreasing current density. The decay kinetics for all initial pollutants and the evolution of their aromatic by?products were followed by reversed-phase HPLC chromatography, whereas generated carboxylic acids were identified and quantified by ion-exclusion HPLC chromatography. Detection of reaction intermediates allows the proposal of a plausible sequence for the mineralization of each initial pollutant. In all cases the ultimate product is oxalic acid, which forms Fe(III)-oxalate complexes that can be destroyed with BDD(OH) in EF, but much more rapidly photolyzed to CO2 in SPEF. Other final acids like acetic or oxamic are also formed, undergoing slower destruction. The treatment of 128 mg l-1 of all cresols with 0.5 mM Fe2+ by SPEF in the flow plant leads to an energy cost for total mineralization as low as 6.6 kWh m-3 at 25 mA cm-2, showing the viability of this procedure for its possible application to wastewater remediation at industrial scale.

Abstract
The pelagic goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus is commonly found off the southwest coast of Africa between the Kunene River and St Sebastian Bay. The stomach contents of 1485 pelagic gobies were examined from two diel stations inshore and offshore off the Namibian coast during January 2006. The pelagic goby is a predator and the most frequently occurring prey items included polychaetes, euphausiids, copepods and amphipods. Larger fish mainly fed on polychaetes, whereas the diet of smaller and intermediate size classes appeared to be more diverse. Food containing ratios were lower during the night than by day, but more diverse. The results shed new light on the ecology of the species which is becoming increasingly important in the region.