Abstract
Warming climate threatens to eliminate the habitats of arctic-alpine plants and butterflies dependent on these plants by preparing the ground for the invasion of taller and more competitive plants. This process can proceed much faster than the invasion of forests, because the expansion of shrubs, which are already present on the tundra, is enough to make the land unsuitable for small, light loving species. Besides threatening arctic-alpine biodiversity, the expansion of scrublands increases the amount of solar radiation absorbed and converted to heat, and thus speeds up global warming. Shrubby habitats also melt out earlier than the open tundra. Therefore, shrub expansion changes white, reflecting surfaces to absorbing ones prematurely in early June, which also contributes to global warming. The geography of arctic and subarctic areas aggravates the problems: most of the arctic and northern-alpine tundra lies less than 200 km north of or less than 200 m above the climatic timberline Fortunately, arctic shrubs have turned out to be sensitive to reindeer grazing, and the same also applies to the birches that form the timberline in north-western Europe, whereas the prostrate arctic-alpine plants are, as a rule, grazing tolerant. Large scale grazing systems, such as the migratory reindeer husbandry of the Sami and the Norwegian livestock husbandry (s?terdrift) could thus preserve arctic-alpine biodiversity and prevent the vicious circle, where increasing cover of shrubs and trees at high latitudes and altitudes contributes to global warming by increasing the amount of solar radiation converted to heat by the vegetation.

Abstract
The Paper deals with evaluation of soil loss by measurement of erosion rills on the field plots. The principle of water erosion is the release of soil particles and water accumulation in the form of sediment, which are then transported and subsequently deposited in the morphological landscape positions, the hydrographic network and water reservoirs. The rill erosion is accelerated by the direct surface runoff with the transported solids from the inter-rill space and then concentrated runoff on a small deep in their own erosion gullies. Spatial location and shape parameters of the rill erosion are given by stability and resistance of the soil, slope, altitude and direction of runoff and vegetative covers of the surface. As a case study area were selected cadastral territory in South Moravia region, very typical by its sloping relief with soil loess cover. Measurement is performed directly in the field of research plots, which were situated on land with a slope of above 10%, with corn sown up-downhill. With the erosion bridge technology there was targeted several hundred cross-sections of land, which was calculated by volume of erosion rills. It is an equipment which helps to determine soil loss at given areas. The device of square-shaped frame with size of 2 m x 2 m is placed on setting spots which ensures always the same position in terrain when surveying. The construction serves for sections survey to realize volume quantification of erosive rills on the soil surface. Data, which are needed for calculation of soil loss, are gained directly from the case study area. Cross-sections of terrain are surveyed in experimental site. It is possible to notice, thanks to measurement directly in field, how it comes up to dynamical increase in volume of the soil loss and to changes structure of erosion rills after every rainfall. The method of direct measurement of rill volume in field enables to detect the value of soil loss after every rainfall. It is possible to evaluate the length, width and depth of erosive rills, and by this way we can quantify the soil loss volume in the given plots.

Abstract
The study was carried out to estimate the significance of sunflower seeds germination at different temperature and water treatment. Germination percentage, seedling growth, water treatment, moisture and oil content were studied. Germination percentage at different temperatures was checked. It was observed that 25 oC ? 35 oC temperature and alternate day water treatment produced better germination percentage and healthy seedlings. Maximum root, shoot length and high moisture percentage was also found at 25 oC. Maximum oil content were also found in those seeds which germinate at high temperature. Therefore it is suggested that for sunflower seeds better grow at 25 oC - 35 oC and alternate day water treatment results better yield.

Abstract
The climatic conditions for plant growth and wintering in the northern areas are changing as an affect of global warming. The situation influences the forage production and agriculture in Northern Norway. Special for the northern conditions are long photoperiod during the growth period with low temperature and a long wintering period. With changing climate the temperature and the precipitation pattern will change, while the photoperiod will remind. Higher temperature at short photoperiod in spring and autumn will occur. The overall outcomes of climate change are unpredictable and breeders must be able to react on different conditions by having a range of well-characterised germplasm available. It is important to continuously test new plant materials and develop new cultivars for the changing growth conditions. Plants well adapted to the north seems to regulate growth and acclimation to the change in photoperiod, while more southern adapted plants change from active growth to acclimation with fall in temperature. The change to milder a winter climate makes it possible to use more southern adapted and more productive forage cultivars. The present winter hardy cultivars have been shown to lose in competition with less winter hardy, but more productive cultivars. Most forage cultivars are populations with genetic variability. By selection under northern growing conditions, both between and within southern varieties, it will be possible to obtain new populations which combine winter adaptation and productivity. New cultivars in the last stage of testing before registration are produced after such a breeding scheme

Abstract
The leaf reddening of Gossypium spp was first reported in southern Pakistan (Sindh) in 2001. The symptoms appeared with yellowing of leaves and then turned to red at adult plant stage. The seedcotton and lint yield (kg/ha) were decreased upto 27% and 30% respectively in Distt: Sanghar and Mirpurkhas. The collection of germplasm/strains and, local/commercial varieties of cotton showed varying response for leaf reddening screening. It was not genetical but it was rather due to complex factors associated with drought conditions. The application of foliar spray of essential macro and micro nutrients K, Zn, Mg and B did not exhibit visible symptoms. However, leaf analysis showed the partly reddening of leaves in control treatments due to the deficiencies of K and Zn nutrients.